Collective Cognition

23 Feb 2013 14:56

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Rather than repeating myself about what I mean by "collective cognition", I refer you to my review of Ed Hutchins's Cognition in the Wild, and the introduction to the 2002 SFI Workshop on Collective Cognition I co-organized (that introduction is primarily based on an essay I wrote as a distraction from finishing my dissertation). I stole the phrase from Philip Agre, who told me he doesn't remember whence he got it. (This is fitting.)

The workshop was my first experience of helping to organizing a scientific meeting, and quite enlightening. The focus shifted quite a bit from what I originally had in mind, but I still think the papers presented were good; many of them are available via the link for the workshop above.

Prediction markets, which I think are horribly over-rated, probably deserve a notebook of their own.

See also: Computational Models of Linguistic Evolution; Duality between Knowledge Centralization and Market Completeness; Emergent Properties; Ensemble Methods in Machine Learning; Evolving Local Rules to Perform Global Computations; Flocking and Swarms; Institutions; Sociology of Science

Recommended, non-academic:
• John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems [My Mini-review]
• Malcolm Gladwell, "Group Think" [online]
• Steve Berlin Johnson
  • Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities and Software
  • Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation [Review: Go to the Reef, Thou Dullard, and Consider Its Ways]
• James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economics, Societies, and Nations [A pop-science book on precisely this subject, which disappoints me, because I'd entertained fantasies of writing one myself. It's interesting and well-written, and I certainly recommend it. But it's limited by the fact that Surowiecki has essentially one picture of how collective cognition could work, namely averaging a lot of guesses which are randomly and independently distributed around the true answer --- in other words, the law of large numbers. This makes the cases where collective cognition depends very strongly on social interactions (science and democracy especially) unduly puzzling to him. Also, he is entirely too credulous about prediction markets. There's a good review by Scott McLemee, and another one by Cass Sunstein.]

Recommended, academic:
• Philip Agre
  • "Growing a Democratic Culture: John Commons on the Wiring of Civil Society" [draft]
  • "Supporting the Intellectual Life of a Democratic Society", Ethics and Information Technology, 3:4 (2001): 289--298 [draft]
• Elizabeth Anderson, "The Epistemology of Democracy", Episteme: Journal of Social Epistemology 3 (2006): 8--22 [See comments under Democracy]
• Roland Bénabou, "Groupthink: Collective Delusions in Organizations and Markets" [PDF preprint. A really brilliant paper on "individually rational collective reality denial in groups, organizations and markets".]
• David Braybrooke and Charles E. Lindblom, A Strategy of Decision: Policy Evaluation as a Social Process [Mini-review]
• Christophe Chamley, Rational Herds: Economic Models of Social Learning
• Andy Clark, Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence [The whole book is very good and relevant to the topic, but chapter 6 is especially salient.]
• Robert S. Erikson and Christopher Wlezien, "Are Political Markets Really Superior to Polls as Election Predictors?" [Ans.: No. PDF preprint]
• F. A. Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order [Especially the essays "Economics and Knowledge" and "The Use of Knowledge in Society"]
• Dante R. Chialvo and Mark M. Millonas, "How Swarms Build Cognitive Maps", [SFI Working Paper 95-03-033]
• L. Conradt and T. J. Roper, "Group decision-making in animals", Nature 421 (2003): 155--158
• Esther Herrmann, Josep Call, María Victoria Hernàndez-Lloreda, Brian Hare and Michael Tomasello, "Humans Have Evolved Specialized Skills of Social Cognition: The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis", Science 317 (2007): 1360--1366
• Lu Hong and Scott E. Page, "Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 101 (2004): 16385--16389 [free PDF]
• Edwin Hutchins, Cognition in the Wild [Review: Naval Collective Intelligence]
• Ali Jadbabaie, Alvaro Sandroni and Alireza Tahbaz-Salehi, "Non-Bayesian social Learning", SSRN/1550809
• Rob Johnston, "Integrating Methodologists into Teams of Substantive Experts", Studies in Intelligence 47:1 (2003): 6 [My comments/excerpts]
• Stephen Judd, Michael Kearns, and Yevgeniy Vorobeychik, "Behavioral dynamics and influence in networked coloring and consensus", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (2010): 14978--14982 [The collective-level results here are extremely interesting; however, I find the way they measure "individual influence" odd, and am reluctant to conclude much from it.]
• Philip Kitcher, The Advancement of Science: Science without Legend, Objectivity without Illusions
• Patrick R. Laughlin, Group Problem Solving [Mini-review]
• David Lazer and Allan Friedman, "The Network Structure of Exploration and Exploitation", Administrative Science Quarterly 52 (2007): 667--694 [PDF reprint via Prof. Lazer]
• Winter A. Mason, Andy Jones and Robert L. Goldstone, "Propagation of Innovations in Networked Groups", Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 137 (2008): 427--433 [What kind of network works best for spreading useful discoveries depends on how hard the problem being solved is; ones requiring more exploration actually benefit from making it harder to make long-range connections. It would be interesting to see what happens with a more hierarchical network structure than the one they explored...]
• Winter Mason and Duncan J. Watts, "Collaborative Learning in Networks", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 109 (2012): 764--769
• Noëlle McAfee, "On Democracy's Epistemic Value", The Good Society 18 (2009): 41--47 [Thanks to Prof. McAfee for a reprint]
• Neil Mercer, Words and Minds: How We Use Language to Think Together [Mini-review]
• Josiah Ober
  • "Learning from Athens: Success by design", Boston Review 31:2 (March-April 2006)
  • Democracy and Knowledge: Innovation and Learning in Classical Athens [Review: Liberty was Born from Endless Meetings]
• Nienke Oomes, "Market Failures in the Economics of Science", [ch. 3 of Dr. Oomes's dissertation (Essays on Network Externalities and Aggregate Persistence, Economics Dept., UW-Madison, 2001)]
• Michael Polanyi, "The Republic of Science: Its Political and Economic Theory", Minerva 1 (1962): 54--74 [online]
• Camille Roth and Paul Bourgine [My comments]
  • "Binding Social and Cultural Networks: A Model", nlin.AO/0309035
  • "Epistemic Communities: Description and Hierarchic Categorization", nlin.AO/0409013
• Robert E. Schapire and Yoav Freund, Boosting: Foundations and Algorithms [Review: Weak Learners of the World, Unite!]
• Thomas Schelling, Micromotives and Macrobehavior
• Dan Sperber, Explaining Culture: A Naturalistic Approach [Review: How to Catch Insanity from Your Kids (Among Others); or, Histoire naturelle de l'infame]
• Dan Sperber and Hugo Mercier, "Reasoning as a Social Competence", forthcoming in H. Landemore and J. Elster (eds.), Collective Wisdom [preprint]
• William P. Thurston, "On proof and progress in mathematics", arxiv:math.HO/9404236 [Comments by Jordan Ellenberg]
• Stephen Toulmin, Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts
• Lev Vygotsky, Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes [Mini-review]
• David H. Wolpert and Kagan Tumer, "An Introduction to Collective Intelligence", cs.LG/9908014
• Monika Wulz, "Collective Cognitive Processes around 1930. Edgar Zilsel's Epistemology of Mass Phenomena", phil-sci/4740
• H. Peyton Young, Individual Strategy and Social Structure: An Evolutionary Theory of Institutions [Review: A Myopic (and Sometimes Blind) Eye on the Main Chance, or, the Origins of Custom]

Modesty forbids me to recommend:
• Henry Farrell and CRS, "Cognitive Democracy"
• CRS, "The Logic of Diversity", Santa Fe Institute Bulletin 20:1 (2005): 34--38 [On Scott Page's work]
• CRS, "Social Media as Windows on the Social Life of the Mind", arxiv:0710.4911
• CRS, The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts

To read:
• Mark Ackerman, Volkmar Pipek and Volker Wulf (eds.), Sharing Expertise: Beyond Knowledge Management [Preface, 59k PDF]
• Daron Acemoglu, Asuman Ozdaglar, Ali ParandehGheibi, "Spread of Misinformation in Social Networks", arxiv:0906.5007
• Sara Arganda, Alfonso Pérez-Escudero, and Gonzalo G. de Polavieja, "A common rule for decision making in animal collectives across species", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (2012): 20508--20513
• Katharine A. Anderson
  • "Collaboration Network Formation and the Demand for Problem Solvers with Heterogenous Skills" [PDF]
  • "Specialists and Generalists: Equilibrium Skill Acquisition Decisions in Problem-Solving Populations" [PDF]
• Michael Bacharach (ed. Natalie Gold and Robert Sugden), Beyond Individual Choice: Teams and Grames in Game Theory
• David Barton and Karin Tusting, Beyond Communities of Practice: Language, Power and Social Context
• J. B. Batista and L. da F. Costa, "Knowledge acquisition by networks of interacting agents in the presence of observation errors", Physical Review E 82 (2010): 016103
• Eric Baum and Igor Durdanovic, "Evolution of Cooperative Problem Solving in an Artificial Economy", Neural Computation 12 (2000): 2743--2775
• Bahador Bahrami, Karsten Olsen, Peter E. Latham, Andreas Roepstorff, Geraint Rees and Chris D. Frith, "Optimally Interacting Minds", Science 329 (2010): 1081--1085
• Marcel Blattner, Alexander Hunziker, Paolo Laureti, "When are recommender systems useful?", arxiv:0709.2562
• Xavier de Souza Briggs, Democracy as Problem Solving: Civic Capacity in Communities Across the Globe
• William A. ("Buzz") Brock and Steven N. Durlauf, "A Formal Model of Theory Choice in Science", Economic Theory 14 (1999): 113--130 [PDF preprint]
• Henrik Bruun and Seppo Sierla, "Distributed Problem Solving in Software Development: The Case of an Automation Project", Social Studies of Science 38 (2008): 133--158
• Pascal Boyer and James V. Wertsch (eds.), Memory in Mind and Culture
• Michel Callon and Fabian Muniesa, "Economic Markets as Calculative Collective Devices" [Online preprint, but one is told there to quote "Les marchés économiques comme dispositifs collectifs de calcul", Réseaux 21(122), pp. 189-233.]
• Michel Callon, Pierre Lascoumes and Yannick Barthe, Acting In An Uncertain World: An Essay on Technical Democracy
• Myong-Hun Chang and Joseph E. Harrington, "Discovery and Diffusion of Knowledge in an Endogenous Social Network", American Journal of Sociology 110 (2005): 937--976
• Kay-Yut Chen, Leslie R. Fine and Bernardo A. Huberman
  • "Eliminating Public Knowledge Biases in Small Group Predictions", cond-mat/0206326
  • "Forecasting Uncertain Events with Small Groups", cond-mat/0108028
• David Chisholm, Coordination without Hierarchy: Informal Structures in Multiorganizational Systems
• Herbert H. Clark, Using Language
• Larissa Conradt and Timothy J. Roper, "Consensus decision making in animals", Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20 (2005): 449--456
• Mauro Copelli, Antonio C. Roque, Rodrigo F. Oliveira and Osame Kinouchi, "Enhanced dynamic range in a sensory network of excitable elements", cond-mat/0112395 [Hey, it's a start]
• Robin Cowan and Nicolas Jonnard, "Network structure and the diffusion of knowledge", Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 28 (2004): 1557--1575
• Fred D'Agostino, Free Public Reason: Making It Up As We Go
• Paul A. David, "Communication Norms and the Collective Cognitive Performance of 'Invisible Colleges' ", in Creation and Transfer of Knowledge: Institutions and Incentives, eds. G. Barba Navaretti, P. Dasgupta and K.G. Maler, Berlin, Springer Verlag (1998)
• Rogier De Langhe and Matthias Greiff, "Standards and the distribution of cognitive labour", phil-sci/4967
• Itiel Dror and Stevan Harnad, "Offloading Cognition onto Cognitive Technology", arxiv:0808.3569
• Darrell Duffie, Gaston Giroux, Gustavo Manso, "Information Percolation", arxiv:0811.3024
• Darrell Duffie, Semyon Malamud, Gustavo Manso, "Information Percolation with Equilibrium Search Dynamics", arxiv:0811.3023
• Jianqing Fan, Xin Tong, Yao Zeng, "Communication Learning in Social Networks: Finite Population and the Rates", arxiv:1212.2893
• Michael P. Farrell, Collaborative Circles: Friendship Dynamics and Creative Work
• Jose F. Fontanari, "Social interaction as a heuristic for combinatorial optimization problems", Physical Review E strong>82 (2010): 056118
• John Forester, The Deliberative Practitioner: Encouraging Participatory Planning Processes
• David Gamarnik, David Goldberg, Theophane Weber, "Correlation Decay in Random Decision Networks", arxiv:0912.0338
• Simon Garrod and Martin J. Pickering, "Why is conversation so easy?", Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (2004): 8--11
• Rishab Aiyer Ghosh (ed.), CODE: Collaborative Ownership and the Digital Economy
• Luc-Alain Giraldeau and Thomas Caraco, Social Foraging Theory
• Alvin Goldman, Knowledge in a Social World
• Benjamin Golub, Matthew O. Jackson, "How Homophily Affects Diffusion and Learning in Networks", arxiv:0811.4013
• Robert L. Goldstone, Michael E. Roberts and Todd M. Gureckis, "Emergent Processes in Group Behavior", Current Directions in Psychological Science 17 (2008): 10--15
• Patrick Grim, Paul St. Denis and Trina Kokalis, "Information and Meaning: Use-Based Models in Arrays of Neural Nets", Minds and Machines 14 (2004): 43--66 [From the abstract: "What we offer here are simple computational models that show emergence of meaning and information transfer in randomized arrays of neural nets. These we take to be formal instantiations of a tradition of theories of meaning as use. What they offer, we propose, is a glimpse into the origin and dynamics of at least simple forms of meaning and information transfer as properties inherent in behavioral coordination across a community." Or: Wittigenstein mechanized.]
• S. Gualdi, A. De Martino, "How does informational heterogeneity affect the quality of forecasts?", arxiv:0906.0552
• Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory
• Steven Harnad, "Distributed Processes, Distributed Cognizers and Collaborative Cognition", Pragmatics and Cognition 13 (2005): 501--514 = cogprints/4765 ["there is no such thing as distributed cognition, only collaborative cognition"]
• Stephan Hartmann, Gabriella Pigozzi and Jan Sprenger, "Reliable Methods of Judgment Aggregation", phil-sci/4610
• Stephan Hartmann and Jan Sprenger, "Judgment Aggregation and the Problem of Tracking the Truth", phil-sci/4765
• Ming-Feng He, Cheng-Rui Deng, Lin Feng and Bo-Wen Tian, "A Cellular Automata Model for a Learning Process", Advances in Complex Systems 7 (2004): 433--439 [From the abstract: "Ideas on educational psychology suggest that a learning process occurs when people participate within social communities. A model is constructed based on two primary factors in the learning process: knowledge storage and interactive ability of each person. Results of simulations are consistent with some actual phenomena including the average knowledge achieved and different educational effects under different conditions." I confess to a certain skepticism, not having read any more than this.]
• Pamela J. Hinds and Sara Kiesler, Distributed Worked
• Tad Hogg, Kristina Lerman, "Stochastic Models of User-Contributory Web Sites", arxiv:0904.0016
• Peter Howlett and Mary S. Morgan (eds.), How Well Do Facts Travel? The Dissemination of Reliable Knowledge
• H. Kargupta, B. Park, D. Hershberger and E. Johnson, "Collective Data Mining: A New Perspective Toward Distributed Data Mining", in Kargupta and Chan, eds., Advances in Distributed and Parallel Knowledge Discovery [online]
• James Kennedy, Russell C. Eberhart and Yuhui Shi, Swarm Intelligence
• Norbert L. Kerr, Robert J. MacCoun and Geoffrey P. Kramer, "Bias in judgment: Comparing individuals and groups", Psychological Review 103 (1996): 687--719 [Very large PDF reprint]
• Norbert L. Kerr and R. Scott Tindale, "Group Performance and Decision Making", Annual Review of Psychology 55 (2004): 623--655
• Helene E. Landemore
  • "Democratic Reason: The Mechanisms of Collective Intelligence in Politics", ssrn/1845709 [Forthcoming in Landemore and Elster, eds., Collective Wisdom: Principles and Mechanisms]
  • Democratic Reason: Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many [Presumably an expansion of the paper]
• Sungmin Lee, Verónica C. Ramenzoni, Petter Holme, "Emergence of collective memories", arxiv:1008.2489
• Christian List, "Group knowledge and group rationality: a judgment aggregation perspective", Episteme: Journal of Social Epistemology 2 (2005): 25--38
• Christian List and Robert E. Goodin, "Epistemic Democracy: Generalizing the Condorcet jury theorem", Journal of Political Philosophy 9 (2001): 277--306
• P. D. Magnus, "Distributed Cognition and the Task of Science", Social Studies of Science 37 (2007): 297-310
• Naoki Masuda, N. Gilbert and S. Redner, "Heterogeneous voter models", Physical Review E 82 (2010): 010103, arxiv:1003.0768
• Naoki Masuda and S. Redner, "Can Partisan Voting Lead to Truth?", arxiv:1012.2462 [I heard Redner give an excellent talk about this in the fall of 2010 at SAMSI, but I would like to read the details]
• Cathleen McGrath and David Krackhardt, "Network Conditions for Organizational Change", The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 39 (2003): 324--336 [PDF reprint]
• Christopher McMahon, Collective Rationality and Collective Reasoning [Review in Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, which I should also read carefully]
• Peter B. Meyer, "Episodes of Collective Invention" [Working Paper 368, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003]
• Piotr Migdal, Michal Denkiewicz, Joanna Raczaszek-Leonardi, Dariusz Plewczynski, "Information-sharing and aggregation models for interacting minds", arxiv:1109.2044
• Mehdi Moussaid, Simon Garnier, Guy Theraulaz, Dirk Helbing, "Collective Information Processing and Pattern Formation in swarms, flocks and crowds", Topics in Cognitive Science 1 (2009): 469--497, arxiv:1005.3507
• Lisa M. Osbeck, Nancy J. Nersessian, Kareen R. Malone, and Wendy C. Newstetter, Science as Psychology: Sense-Making and Identity in Science Practice [review by Ronald Giere makes it sound more useful as source material than for insights]
• L. Nunes and E. Oliveira, "On Learning by Exchanging Advice", cs.LG/0203010
• Pettit, The Common Mind
• Gabriella Pigozzi, "Belief Merging and the Discursive Dilemma: An Argument-Based Account to Paradoxes of Judgment Aggregation", phil-sci/2882
• Stephen C. Pratt and David J. T. Sumpter, "A tunable algorithm for collective decision-making", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 103 (2006): 15906--15910
• Joel B. Predd, Sanjeev R. Kulkarni and H. Vincent Poor, "Distributed Regression in Sensor Networks: Training Distributively with Alternating Projections", cs.LG/0507039
• Yaron Rachlin, Rohit Negi and Pradeep Khosla, "Sensing Capacity for Markov Random Fields", cs.IT/0508054
• Roy Radner, "The Evaluation of Information in Organizations", Proceedings of the Fourth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Vol. 1, 491--530
• Vitorino Ramos, Carlos Fernandes and Agostinho C. Rosa, "Social Cognitive Maps, Swarm Collective Perception and Distributed Search on Dynamic Landscapes", submitted to Brains, Minds and Media: Journal of New Media in Neural and Cognitive Science [PDF preprint]
• Vitorino Ramos and Ajith Abraham, "Evolving a Stigmeric Self-Organized Data-Mining", cs.AI/0403001
• Vikas C. Raykar, Shipeng Yu, Linda H. Zhao, Gerardo Hermosillo Valadez, Charles Florin, Luca Bogoni, Linda Moy, "Learning From Crowds", Journal of Machine Learning Research 11 (2010): 1297--1322
• Michel Regenwetter, Bernard Grofman, A. A. J. Marley and Ilia Tsetlin, Behavioral Social Choice: Probabilistic Models, Statistical Inference, and Applications
• P. Resnick and H. R. Varian, "Recommender Systems", Comm. ACM 40 (1997): 56--58
• Diana Richards, Whitman A. Richards and Brendan D. McKay, "Collective Choice and Mutual Knowledge Structures," SFI Working Paper 98-04-032
• Henry S. Richardson, Democratic Automony: Public Reasoning about the Ends of Policy
• Marko A. Rodriguez, "Social Decision Making with Multi-Relational Networks and Grammar-Based Particle Swarms", cs.CY/0609034
• Marko A. Rodriguez and Jennifer H. Watkins, "Revisiting the Age of Enlightenment from a Collective Decision Making Systems Perspective", arxiv:0901.3929 = First Monday 14 (2009)
• Barbara Rogoff, Apprenticeship in Thinking: Cognitive Development in Social Context
• Camille Roth, "Co-evolution in Epistemic Networks: Reconstructing Social Complex Systems", Structure and Dynamics: eJournal of Anthropological and Related Sciences 1 (2006): 3:2
• Eduardo Salas and Stephen M. Fiore (eds.), Team Cognition: Understanding the Factors That Drive Process and Performance
• Husain Sarkar, Group Rationality in Scientific Research
• R. Keith Sawyer, Group Genius: The Creative Power of Collaboration [book's website]
• Frank Schweitzer, Joerg Zimmermann and Heinz Muehlenbein, "Coordination of Decisions in a Spatial Agent Model", cond-mat/0109121
• S. M. D. Seaver, A. A. Moreira, M. Sales-Pardo, R. D. Malmgren, D. Diermeier, L. A. N. Amaral, "Micro-bias and macro-performance", European Physical Journal B 67 (2009): 369--375, arxiv:0908.4261
• U. Shardanand and P. Maes, "Social information filtering: Algorithms for automating 'word of mouth' ", in Proceedings of ACM Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems (1995), pp. 210--217
• Gerry Stahl, Group Cognition: Computer Support for Building Collaborative Knowledge
• Kent W. Staley, Evidence for the Top Quark: Objectivity and Bias in Collaborative Experimentation
• Dan Steinbock, Craig Kaplan, Marko Rodrigues, Juana Diaz, Newton Der and Suzanne Garcia, "Collective Intelligence Quantified for Computer-Mediated Group Problem Solving", cs.CY/0412064
• Quentin F. Stout, "Using Clerks in Parallel Processing", pp. 272--279 in Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (1982) [Abstract: "Some models of parallel computers consist of copies of a single finite state automaton connected together in a regular fashion. In such computers a self-organizing structure called clerks can be useful, enabling one to simulate a more powerful computer for which optimal algorithms are easier to design. The computation proceeds by having the cellular automata organize themselves into clerks, and then a stepwise simulation of the more powerful computer is performed. For a system of n automata, each clerk contains \Theta(log n) automata, so first they need to determine log(n), despite the fact that no single automata can count higher than a fixed number." Link]
• Torsten Strulik and Helmut Willke (eds.), Towards a Cognitive Mode in Global Finance?: The Governance of a Knowledge-Based Financial System
• David J. T. Sumpter, Collective Animal Behavior
• Ron Sun (ed.)
  • Cognition and Multi-Agent Interaction: From Cognitive Modeling to Social Simulation
  • special issue (vol. 2, no. 1) on multiagent learning of Cognitive Systems Research
• Mikaela Sundberg, "The dynamics of coordinated comparisons: How simulationists in astrophysics, oceanography and meteorology create standards for results", Social Studies of Science 41 (2011): 107--125
• Cass R. Sunstein
  • "The Law of Group Polarization" [online]
  • Why Societies Need Dissent
  • Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge
• Tarja Susi and Tom Ziemke, "Social Cognition, Artefacts, and Stigmergy: A Comparative Analysis of Theoretical Frameworks for the Understanding of Artefact-mediated Collaborative Activity", Cognitive Systems Research 2 (2001): 273--290 [Online]
• J. A. K. Suykens, J. Vandewalle and B. De Moor, "Intelligence and Cooperative Search by Coupled Local Minimizers", cs.AI/0210030
• Robert Thompson, Frans N. Stokman and Rene Torenvlied (eds.), Models of Collective Decision-Making [Special issue (vol. 15, no. 1, 2003) of Rationality and Society]
• Paul Vogy and Evert Haasdijk, "Modeling Social Learning of Language and Skills", Artificial Life 16 (2010): 289--309
• Frank E. Walter, Stefano Battiston, Frank Schweitzer, "A Model of a Trust-based Recommendation System on a Social Network", nlin/0611054
• Peter Welinder, Steve Branson, Serge Belongie and Pietro Perona, "The Multidimensional Wisdom of Crowds", NIPS 2011 (NIPS 23) [PDF reprint]
• A. L. Wilkes, Knowledge in Minds: Individual and Collective Processes in Cognition
• Anita William Woolley, Christopher F. Chabris, Alex Pentland, Nada Nashmi and Thomas W. Malone, "Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups", Science 330 (2010): 686--688 [Unfortunately, the sort of factor analysis they are relying on to detect a single driving cause is incapable of distinguishing between that, and the presence of immense numbers of independent causes, haphazardly related to the tasks. (See.) In other words, if your measurement procedures are sufficiently unrelated to the real structure, it looks like you have a common factor. Perhaps they have some way of ruling this out here.]
• Jesus P. Zamora Bonilla, "Optimal Judgment Aggregation", phil-sci/2945
• Eviatar Zerubavel, Social Mindscapes: An Invitation to Cognitive Sociology
• Kevin Zollman
  • "Talking to Neighbors: The Evolution of Regional Meanings", Philosophy of Science 72 (2005): 69--85[PDF reprint]
  • "The Communication Structure of Epistemic Communities" [An extremely interesting presentation at PSA 2006; not yet published]

To write:
• Henry Farrell and CRS, Cognitive Democracy
• CRS, The Social Life of the Mind